Heparin Anti-Xa

Also known as: Anti-Xa; Xa inhibition; Antifactor Xa heparin; Heparin level

Formal name: Heparin Anti-Xa

Related tests: PTT; ACT

At a Glance

Why Get Tested?

To monitor low molecular weight heparin (LWMH) therapy and sometimes to monitor unfractionated heparin (UFH) therapy

When to Get Tested?

When you are being treated with LMWH or UFH and your doctor wants to monitor the amount of heparin in your blood

Sample Required?

A blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm

Test Preparation Needed?

None

The Test Sample

What is being tested?

This test measures the amount of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or unfractionated heparin (UFH) in the blood by measuring anti-Xa activity. Heparin is an anticoagulant, a drug that inhibits blood clotting. Heparin molecules vary in size and activity. UFH includes a broad range of sizes, while LMWH consists of a narrower range of smaller heparin molecules. There are several types of LMWH available and each one is slightly different. Both UFH and LMWH are given intravenously (I.V.) or through a subcutaneous injection to people who have inappropriate blood clots (thrombi) and/or are at an increased risk of developing them.

Blood clotting is a normal response to blood vessel or tissue injury. It is a process that involves the initiation of the coagulation cascade - a sequential activation of coagulation factors, proteins that regulate blood clot development. There are a variety of acute and chronic conditions including surgeries, DVT (deep vein thrombosis), and other hypercoagulable disorders that are associated with inappropriate blood clot (thrombus) formation in veins and arteries – especially in the legs. These clots can obstruct blood flow and cause tissue damage in the affected area. Pieces of the blood clot can break off and travel to the lungs - causing pulmonary embolism, or to the heart – causing a heart attack. In pregnant women, blood clot formation can sometimes affect blood flow to the fetus and result in a miscarriage.

Heparin, through its action on the protein antithrombin, interferes with the clotting process by accelerating the inhibition of coagulation factors, particularly factors Xa and IIa (thrombin). UFH affects both Xa and IIa, is more variable in its inhibitory activity, and must be closely monitored. Complications may include clotting, excessive bleeding, and sometimes thrombocytopenia. UFH is usually given in a hospital setting and monitored with the activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test, but it may also be monitored with the anti-Xa test. High doses of UFH given during surgeries such as cardiopulmonary bypass are monitored using the activated clotting time (ACT) test. LMWH has more anti-Xa than anti-IIa activity and the response to it is more predictable. It may be given in either an outpatient or hospital setting. Routine monitoring of LMWH is not required but when it is monitored, the anti-Xa test is used.

How is the sample collected for testing?

A blood sample is obtained by inserting a needle into a vein in the arm.

NOTE: If undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles: Coping with Test Pain, Discomfort, and Anxiety, Tips on Blood Testing, Tips to Help Children through Their Medical Tests, and Tips to Help the Elderly through Their Medical Tests.

Another article, Follow That Sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of a blood sample and throat culture.

Is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample?

No test preparation is needed.

The Test

How is it used?

Anti-Xa tests are sometimes ordered to monitor and adjust unfractionated heparin (UFH) concentrations in the blood, though the primary monitoring tool for UFH is currently the PTT test. Anti-Xa may be ordered to monitor some patients who have “heparin resistance” – do not respond as expected to UFH – or who have an underlying condition or interfering factor(s) that alter the PTT test result.

Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) therapy is usually not monitored, but doctors may order anti-Xa tests in some cases. These include patients who are pregnant, obese, very young, elderly and those who have kidney disease or dysfunction. LMWH is primarily cleared from the body by the kidneys. Any condition that decreases kidney function can potentially decrease LMWH clearance, increasing its concentration in the blood and increasing the potential for excessive bleeding.

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When is it ordered?

The anti-Xa test is not routinely ordered but may be performed whenever a doctor wants to evaluate UFH or LMWH concentrations in the blood. It may be ordered periodically to monitor UFH therapy, especially when a doctor feels that a patient is not responding as expected to UFH or when the PTT is not useful.

When it is used as a LMWH monitoring tool, anti-Xa is primarily ordered as a “peak” test. It is collected about 4 hours after a LMWH dose is given, when the concentration of LMWH in the blood is expected to be at its highest level. Random and “trough” anti-Xa tests may also be ordered when a doctor suspects that a patient may not be clearing the LMWH at a normal rate. Trough tests are collected just prior to the next dose, when heparin concentrations are expected to be at their lowest.

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What does the test result mean?

Anti-Xa results must be evaluated in the context of the type of heparin that a person is receiving (UFH or LMWH and type of LMWH), the timing of the sample collection, and the condition that the person is being treated for. Results from different laboratories may not be interchangeable. Therapeutic reference ranges and the heparins that they are based on vary.

In general, for UFH and LMWH, if concentrations are within an established therapeutic range and the patient is doing well clinically – not clotting, bleeding excessively, or experiencing other complications – then the dosage is considered appropriate. If the anti-Xa concentration is high, then the patient may be getting an excessive dose and/or not be clearing the drug at an expected rate and may be at an increased risk for excessive bleeding.

If the anti-Xa concentration is below the therapeutic range, then the dosage of heparin may need to be increased. When a person is not taking heparin, anti-Xa concentrations should be zero or undetectable.

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Is there anything else I should know?

Because of differences in the methods used for measuring anti-Xa and in the test results generated by various laboratories, samples for repeat anti-Xa testing should be sent to the same laboratory.

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Common Questions

1. How long will I have to take heparin?

LMWH and UFH therapy are usually used for short periods of time to help treat and prevent inappropriate clotting. When long-term anticoagulation is required, other drug therapies such as warfarin are usually used. An exception to this is during pregnancy, when heparin is the preferred anticoagulant, but the need for heparin therapy in this case ends at the time of delivery.

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2. Do I need to tell my other doctors that I am receiving LMWH?

Yes, this is information that will be important for doctors and other medical professionals to know when evaluating you for or determining treatment options for other conditions.

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Article Sources

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NOTE: This article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the Lab Tests Online Editorial Review Board. This article is periodically reviewed by the Editorial Board and may be updated as a result of the review. Any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used.

Clarke, W. and Dufour, D. R., Editors (2006). Contemporary Practice in Clinical Chemistry, AACC Press, Washington, DC. Pp 233-234.

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(2008 January, Updated). Heparin and Anti-Xa Assays]. Clot-ED [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.clot-ed.com/edit/ask_expert.html through http://www.clot-ed.com. Accessed on 6/1/08.

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Baglin, T. et. al. (© 2006) Guidelines on the use and monitoring of heparin. British Society for Haematology v(133) 19-34. [On-line information]. PDF available for download at http://www.bcshguidelines.com/pdf/heparin_220506.pdf through http://www.bcshguidelines.com. Accessed on 6/1/08.

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Hirsh, J. and Raschke, R. (© 2004). Heparin and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. CHEST 2004;126;188-203. [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/full/126/3_suppl/188S through http://www.chestjournal.org. Accessed on 6/1/08.

Duplaga, B. et. al. (© 2001). Dosing and Monitoring of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins in Special Populations. Medscape from Pharmacotherapy 21(2):218-234. [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/409676 through http://www.medscape.com. Accessed on 6/1/08.

Yeager, B. and Matheny, S. (1999 February 15). Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin in Outpatient Treatment of DVT. American Family Physician [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.aafp.org/afp/990215ap/945.html through http://www.aafp.org. Accessed on 6/1/08.