HIV Antibody
Also known as: AIDS test; AIDS screen; HIV serology
Formal name: Human immunodeficiency virus antibody test
The Test Sample
What is being tested?
This test detects HIV antibodies in blood or other body fluids. HIV, human immunodeficiency virus, is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), which destroys the immune system and leaves the body vulnerable to debilitating infections. When HIV enters the body, such as through contact with an infected individual or contaminated needle, the immune system responds by producing antibodies directed against the virus. These antibodies can be detected about 3 to 8 weeks after exposure to the virus. If exposure to the virus is more recent, then antibody levels may be too low to detect. It may be necessary to perform a p24 antigen test or an HIV RNA (viral load) test in order to detect the virus.
How is the sample collected for testing?
A blood sample is obtained by inserting a needle into a vein in the arm. There also are tests available that can be performed on urine or oral samples. An oral sample is obtained by using a special small, spatula-like device with a flat pad on the end. The flat pad is placed above the teeth against the outer gum and is swabbed completely once around the outer part of the upper and lower gums.
NOTE: If undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles: Coping with Test Pain, Discomfort, and Anxiety, Tips on Blood Testing, Tips to Help Children through Their Medical Tests, and Tips to Help the Elderly through Their Medical Tests.
Another article, Follow That Sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of a blood sample and throat culture.
Is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample?
No test preparation is needed.
