Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Overview
Symptoms
Causes
Tests
Treatments
Sources

Article Sources

NOTE: This article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the Lab Tests Online Editorial Review Board. This article is periodically reviewed by the Editorial Board and may be updated as a result of the review.

Sources Used for Most Recent Review
Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (© 2007). Mosby’s Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 8th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO. Pp 460-461, 834-836, and 999-1000.

Clarke, W. and Dufour, D. R., Editors (2006). Contemporary Practice in Clinical Chemistry, AACC Press, Washington, DC. Pp 403-406.

Wu, A. (2006). Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, Fourth Edition. Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri.410-413, 1124-1127.

Grund, S. (2007 August 27, Updated). Pernicious anemia. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000569.htm through http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. Accessed on 4/12/08.

Matsui, W. (2007 February 14). Anemia - B12 deficiency. Medical Encyclopedia. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000574.htm through http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. Accessed on 4/12/08.

Kasper, D.L., et al, Editors (2005). Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 16th Edition: McGraw-Hill. Pp 602-604, and 2404.

McClatchey, K.D., Editor (2002), Clinical Laboratory Medicine 2nd Edition: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. Pp 842-844.

Sources Used for Previous Reviews
Thomas, Clayton L., Editor (1997). Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA [18th Edition].

Cohen, E. (1003 June 05). Medical Encyclopedia: Anemia - B12 deficiency. MEDLINEplus Health Information, Medical Encyclopedia. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000574.htm through http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

Webner, D. (2003 April 26). Medical Encyclopedia: Folate deficiency. MEDLINEplus Health Information, Medical Encyclopedia. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000354.htm through http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

Cohen, E. (2003 April 25). Medical Encyclopedia: Folate-deficiency anemia. MEDLINEplus Health Information, Medical Encyclopedia. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000551.htm through http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

Brose, M. (2003 June 1). Medical Encyclopedia: Folic acid - test. MEDLINEplus Health Information, Medical Encyclopedia. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003686.htm through http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

Angelo, S. (2003 January 19). Medical Encyclopedia: Folic acid (folate). MEDLINEplus Health Information, Medical Encyclopedia. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002408.htm through http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

Cohen, E. (2002 November 7). Medical Encyclopedia: Pernicious anemia. MEDLINEplus Health Information, Medical Encyclopedia. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000569.htm through http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

Angelo, S. (2003 January 18). Medical Encyclopedia: Vitamin B12. MEDLINEplus Health Information, Medical Encyclopedia. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002403.htm through http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

(© 2004). Intrinsic Factor Blocking Antibody. ARUP’s Guide to Clinical Laboratory Testing. Available online at http://www.aruplab.com/guides/clt/tests/clt_a23b.jsp#1152989 through http://www.aruplab.com

Carson-DeWitt, R. (© 2004). Pernicious anemia. AccessMed Health Information Library, Hendrick Health System. Available online at http://www.ehendrick.org/healthy/001049.htm through http://www.ehendrick.org

Haggerty, M. (© 2004). Folic acid deficiency anemia. AccessMed Health Information Library, Hendrick Health System. Available online at http://www.ehendrick.org/healthy/000541.htm through http://www.ehendrick.org

(2002 December 9, Updated). Vitamin B12. NIH Clinical Center, Facts About Dietary Supplements. Available online at http://ods.od.nih.gov through http://ods.od.nih.gov

(2002 December 9, Updated). Folate. NIH Clinical Center, Facts About Dietary Supplements. Available online at http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/cc/folate.html through http://ods.od.nih.gov

Johnson, L. (©1995-2004). Vitamin B12. Merck Manual – Second Home Edition, Section 12. Disorders of Nutrition and metabolism, Chapter 154. Vitamins. Available online at http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home2/sec12/ch154/ch154j.htm through http://www.merck.com

Johnson, L. ((©1995-2004). Folic Acid. Merck Manual – Second Home Edition, Section 12. Disorders of Nutrition and metabolism, Chapter 154. Vitamins. Available online at http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home2/sec12/ch154/ch154k.htm through http://www.merck.com

(2003 October). Vitamin B-12. Available online at http://familydoctor.org/765.xml through http://www.familydoctor.org