Urinary Tract Infection

Also Known As

UTI

Bladder Infection

Kidney Infection

Cystitis

Pyelonephritis

Urethritis

This article was last reviewed on

March 21, 2020.

This article waslast modified on January 28, 2021.

What is a urinary tract infection?

A urinary tract infection (UTI) occurs when bacteria or sometimes other microbes enter the urinary tract and begin to grow, usually causing signs and symptoms such as pain and inflammation.

The urinary tract consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located at the bottom of the ribcage to the right and left of the spine. They filter waste out of the blood and produce urine, which carries the waste and excess water out of the body.

Urine flows from the kidneys through narrow tubes called ureters and into the bladder. The bladder stores urine for a short period of time, but as urine collects, you eventually feel the need to urinate and the bladder contracts to send urine through another tube called the urethra and out of the body.

Urine normally contains very few or no bacteria or other microbes. However, bacteria can sometimes enter the opening of the urethra, multiplying and moving up the urethra to the bladder, causing an infection. Most UTIs remain in the lower urinary tract (urethra or bladder), where they cause symptoms such as a frequent urge to urinate and a burning sensation during urination. Typically, these infections are considered uncomplicated and are easily treated. Left untreated, the infection may spread to the kidneys.

A bladder infection is the most common type of UTI, but other parts of the urinary tract can become infected. These infections may also be identified by the specific part of the urinary tract that is affected:

Inflammation and/or infection of the urethra is called urethritis.
A bladder infection is called cystitis.
Infection of one or both kidneys is called pyelonephritis.

A kidney infection is more serious than a lower urinary tract infection and can lead to permanent kidney damage. In some cases, a UTI may spread to the bloodstream (septicemia) and may lead to sepsis, which can be life-threatening. Rarely, a bloodstream infection that originated elsewhere in the body may infect the kidneys.

Urinary tract infections are common. According to the American Urological Association (AUA), UTIs result in more than 8.1 million healthcare practitioner visits each year. Although UTIs can affect anyone at any age, women of all ages and men over 50 years of age are the most likely to get a UTI.

Children can also develop UTIs, though less commonly than in adults. Up to 8% of girls and 2% of boys will get UTIs, according to the AUA. Young children have a higher risk of kidney damage related to UTIs compared to older children and adults.

About Urinary Tract Infections

Causes

Although a variety of bacteria can cause UTIs, most are due to Escherichia coli (E. coli), bacteria that are common in the digestive system and are routinely found in stool and around the anus. Other bacteria that may cause UTIs include species of Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus. Occasionally, UTIs may be caused by a fungus (yeast), such as Candida albicans.

Inflammation and infection of the urethra (urethritis) may be caused by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) such as herpes, chlamydia, or gonorrhea. The treatment and prevention of STDs differs from that of typical UTIs and are not addressed in this article. For more information, see the Sexually Transmitted Diseases article.
Risk
Women are more likely to get UTIs than men. About 60% of women and 12% of men will have at least one UTI in their lifetime. The increase in women is because they have shorter urethras than men and bacteria and other microbes spread more easily up the female urethra to the bladder. Also, the short distance between a woman’s urethra and anus also increases the risk of microbes spreading to the urinary tract. In men, as they age, the prostate gland may enlarge and lead to incomplete bladder emptying, which can increase the risk of UTIs.

Anything that slows or blocks the flow of urine or introduces bacteria into the urinary tract can increase your risk of having a UTI. Examples of activities, factors and conditions that can lead to UTIs include:

Sexual intercourse, especially in younger women

Spermicide use, especially if combined with diaphragm or condom use

Wiping from back to front after a bowel movement in women

Holding urine when you feel the need to urinate

Having previous UTIs

Anatomical problems, such as narrowing of the tubes that urine passes through (urethra or ureters)

Urine retention (the bladder does not empty completely)

Abnormal flow of urine from the bladder back to the ureters (vesicoureteral reflux)

Kidney stones

Bladder catheterization, especially long-term (a bladder catheter is a long, thin, flexible tube that is inserted through the opening of the urethra and into the bladder to allow the passage of urine out of the body)

Spinal cord injuries or nerve damage involving the bladder

Diabetes, which can affect the immune system, cause kidney damage, and often results in glucose (sugar) in the urine that promotes the growth of bacteria and yeast; some medications used to treat diabetes can lead to increased glucose in the urine, which raises the risk of UTIs.

Kidney disease or kidney transplant

Any condition that suppresses the immune system

Menopausal changes in women, such as thinning of the vaginal lining and a decline in the hormone estrogen, can make them more prone to UTIs.
Complications and Repeated UTIs
Left untreated, infections of the lower urinary tract can spread to the kidneys and may cause permanent kidney damage, especially in the elderly or very young children.

Long-lasting or repeated UTIs may also damage the kidneys and, in some cases, cause renal failure.

Sometimes UTIs can spread to the blood (septicemia), leading to sepsis, which can be life-threatening. These cases require immediate treatment, which often involves hospitalization.

In pregnant women, UTIs can lead to premature labor and delivery and cause high blood pressure (preeclampsia).

Repeated UTIs are a problem for 20% to 40% of women after having their first infection.

UTIs are rare in men younger than 50 years of age but may occur with STDs, in uncircumcised men, with an abnormal narrowing of the urethra, and after anal intercourse. As men age, they are more likely to experience their first UTI and then are more likely to have repeat UTIs. The bacteria may also infect the prostate and be difficult to treat. The prostate is a small gland that encircles the upper urethra in men.
Signs and Symptoms
UTI symptoms can vary, but typical signs and symptoms include:

More frequent urge to urinate, often with only a small amount of urine released

Pain or burning during urination

Cloudy, strong-smelling urine

Urine that appears red, bright pink, or cola-colored

Pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis

If the UTI is more severe and/or has spread into the kidneys, it may cause pain in the mid-back below the ribs and above the pelvis (flank pain), high fever, shaking, chills, nausea, and/or vomiting. Fevers are also seen when the infection spreads into the blood (septicemia, which can lead to sepsis).

Infants and young children who can't tell you how they feel may have only vague signs when they have a UTI. They may seem fussy or generally unwell, not eat or have a fever. Urine in their diaper may smell bad. If you child has a fever and is sick without an obvious reason, contact their pediatrician.
Testing
Laboratory tests are performed to diagnose UTIs and sometimes to identify the bacteria (or other microbes) that is causing the infection as well as the treatment to cure the infection.

Common laboratory tests for UTIs include:

Urinalysis—most UTIs are diagnosed by performing a urinalysis, which looks for evidence of infection, such as bacteria and white blood cells in a sample of urine. A positive leukocyte esterase test or the presence of nitrite in the urine supports the diagnosis of UTI.

Urine culture—identifies the specific microbe causing the infection. A culture is not always performed. If it is a first, uncomplicated UTI of the lower urinary tract, the healthcare practitioner may assume that it is caused by the most common microbe (E. coli) and will treat it without performing a culture. However, a culture may be done to confirm a positive urinalysis in certain cases, such as people with recurring UTIs or hospitalized patients.

Susceptibility testing—if the urine culture is positive, this testing may be done to determine which antimicrobial drug (antibiotic or antifungal) is most likely to be effective in treating your UTI.

One or more laboratory tests may be done as follow up in certain cases:

Blood culture—if a healthcare practitioner suspects that a UTI may have spread to your blood

Sexually transmitted disease testing—if it is suspected that you have an STD, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea

Glucose or hemoglobin A1c—to screen for diabetes, which can increase the risk of UTIs

BUN, creatinine and eGFR—to evaluate the health of your kidneys

Kidney stone analysis and/or kidney stone risk panel—when you have had a kidney stone

Non-laboratory Tests
If you have frequent UTIs, imaging scans and special X-rays may be helpful in looking for urinary tract structural problems or blockages and/or signs of an underlying disease or condition. Imaging tests are most often ordered for children with urinary tract infections (especially boys), adults with frequent or recurrent UTIs, and people with blood in their urine.

Some examples of these imaging tests include:

Kidney and bladder ultrasound—sound waves are used to produce images of the bladder and kidneys.

Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)—an imaging technique that allows the urethra and bladder to be viewed in real-time while the bladder fills and empties.

Nuclear scans—a radioactive dye is injected into a vein; the dye is carried to the bladder and kidneys and may show structural defects or blockages.

Cystoscopy—a flexible tube is threaded through the urethra and into the bladder. It allows a healthcare practitioner to look at the inner lining of the urethra and bladder. It can help identify blockages and defects. If a stone is present, other instruments can be inserted through the cystoscope that may allow a stone to be removed or broken into smaller pieces with a laser. Urine and tissue samples can also be obtained using the cystoscope.

Urography using intravenous pyelogram (IVP), computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)—used to look at the whole urinary tract; a contrast material is injected into a vein and then travels to the kidney and bladder. The x-rays (IVP) or scans may reveal obstructions or structural defects.

For more information on these see RadiologyInfo's web pages on Hematuria, Kidney and Bladder Stones, or Kidney (Renal) Failure.
Prevention
Once you've had a urinary tract infection (UTI), there are steps you can take to prevent another one:

Use the bathroom as soon as you feel the urge to urinate. Don’t hold urine in.

Drink plenty of fluids each day. This will dilute the urine and keep it moving through the urinary tract, making it more difficult for bacteria to adhere to the walls of the urethra and bladder.

Sexual intercourse is associated with recurrent UTIs, especially in younger women. Urinating after sex may help prevent UTIs. Avoiding the use of spermicidal foams and jellies, products (such as condoms) containing spermicides, and barrier methods of birth control (such as diaphragms) may reduce the frequency of UTIs. Talk to your healthcare practitioner about other birth control methods that are less likely to cause UTIs.

Postmenopausal women may benefit from the use of vaginal estrogen gels or creams.

In women, UTIs may occur when bacteria from the anus enter the urethra. To lower the risk of this, be sure to wipe from front to back after a bowel movement.

Some people drink cranberry juice or take cranberry supplements to prevent UTIs, but studies on this have not been conclusive. You may choose to drink cranberry juice or take cranberry supplements if you find it helpful and it won't cause harm. However, people with diabetes should avoid sugary drinks.
Treatment
If you are otherwise healthy (i.e., have a normal, unobstructed urinary tract) and have an uncomplicated UTI, you will typically be treated with antibiotics for three to five days. Symptoms such as pain and a frequent urge to urinate usually resolve after a day or two of antibiotic treatment. However, it is important that you take the full course of antibiotics to ensure that your infection is cured and to reduce the risk of recurrent infection.

Women with recurrent UTIs may wish to discuss the following treatment options with their healthcare practitioner:

A long course (6 months or more) of low-dose antibiotics

A single dose of an antibiotic after sexual intercourse

Vaginal estrogen therapy for postmenopausal women

In a complicated or recurrent UTI, the infection may be caused by more than one type of bacteria and your healthcare practitioner will need to select one or more antibiotics that will kill all of the bacteria causing the infection. Complicated UTIs usually require a longer course of antibiotics and may start with intravenous (IV) antibiotic therapy in in the hospital. After a short period of IV antibiotics, the antibiotics are given by mouth for up to several weeks.

If the infection has spread to your kidneys, it will likely be treated as a complicated UTI and you may require several months of treatment. This is also true of men with prostate infections.

Complicated UTIs include can occur in:

People with defects in the structure or function of their urinary tract; this is a common cause of UTI in boys and young men, and occasionally occurs in girls and women.

Older men with prostate enlargement

People with diabetes and other chronic conditions

Pregnant women—UTIs can put the mother and baby at risk if not treated promptly

Sometimes UTIs will continue to recur or be long-lasting until an underlying structural defect, kidney stone, obstruction, or disease or condition is addressed. For some conditions, surgery may be required to correct the underlying problem.

Related Images

View Sources

Sources Used in Current Review

April 2019. Urology Care Foundation. Urinary tract infections in adults. Available online at https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/urinary-tract-infections-in-adults. Accessed February 2020.

April 2019. Urology Care Foundation. Urinary tract infections in children. Available online at https://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/urinary-tract-infections-in-children. Accessed February 2020.

January 30, 2019. Mayo Clinic Staff. Urinary tract infection (UTI). Available online at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-tract-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20353447. Accessed February 2020.

August 27, 2019. Brusch JL. Urinary tract infection (UTI) and cystitis in women. Available online at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233101-overview. Accessed February 2020.

August 27, 2019. Brusch JL. Urinary tract infection (UTI) in males. Available online at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/231574-overview. Accessed February 2020.

(May 2, 2019). Risk factors and predisposing conditions for urinary tract infection. Available online at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6502981/. Accessed February 2020.

(March 2017) National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Bladder Infection (Urinary Tract Infection—UTI) in Adults. Available online at https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/bladder-infection-uti-in-adults. Accessed February 2020.

(October 2007) In Brief: Cranberry juice and warfarin: Okay together? Harvard Health Letter. Available online at https://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletter_article/In_Brief_Cranberry_juice_and_warfarin_Okay_together. Accessed March 2020.

Fu Z, et al. Cranberry Reduces the Risk of Urinary Tract Infection Recurrence in Otherwise Healthy Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Nutr. 2017 Dec;147(12):2282-2288. doi: 10.3945/jn.117.254961. Epub 2017 Oct 18. Available online at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29046404. Accessed March 2020.

Sources Used in Previous Reviews

Thomas, Clayton L., Editor (1997). Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, PA [18th Edition].

Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (2001). Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 5th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO.

(2002). Urethritis. Hendrick Health System, AccessMed Health Information Library [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.ehendrick.org/healthy/001424.htm.

(2002 July). Urinary Tract Infections in Adults. NIDDK, NIH Publication No. 02-2097 [On-line information]. Available online at http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/utiadult/index.htm.

(2002 March). Your Urinary System and How it Works. NIDDK, NIH Publication No. 02-3195 [On-line information]. Available online at http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/yoururinary/index.htm.

(2001 April). Cystoscopy and Ureteroscopy. NIDDK, NIH Publication No. 01-4800 [On-line information]. Available online at http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/cystoscopy/index.htm.

(2002 August 02). Urinary tract infection. MayoClinic.com [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00286.

(2003 April). Vesicoureteral Reflux. NIDDK, NIH Publication No. 03-4555 [On-line information]. Available online at http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/vesicoureteralreflux/index.htm.

(2003 August 05, Updated). Urinary Tract Infections. ACOG, Medical Library [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ1LJ5770D&sub_cat=2008.

(2001). Urinary Tract Infections in Children. Familydoctor.org [On-line information]. Available online at http://familydoctor.org/handouts/272.html.

(2000). Urinary Tract Infections During Pregnancy. Familydoctor.org [On-line information]. Available online at http://familydoctor.org/handouts/497.html.

Saberi, P. (2002 February 4, Updated). Urinary tract infection – chronic or recurrent. MedlinePlus Health Information Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000505.htm.

Kang, Y. (2002, May 25, Updated). Catheter-associated UTI. MedlinePlus Health Information Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000483.htm.

Parsons, C. (2002, July 30, Updated). Kidney infection (pyelonephritis). MedlinePlus Health Information Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000522.htm.

Angelo, S. (2002, October 31, Updated). Recurrent cystitis. MedlinePlus Health Information Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000515.htm.

Greene, A. (2002, March 3, Updated). Urinary tract infection (cystitis). MedlinePlus Health Information Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000521.htm.

(Updated 2008 May 1). Urinary Tract Infection, Frequently Asked Questions. Womenshealth.gov [On-line information]. Available online at http://womenshealth.gov/faq/urinary-tract-infection.cfm. Accessed April 2009.

(© 2008). Screening for Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations. Annals of Internal Medicine, Summaries for Patients [On-line information]. PDF available for download at http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/149/1/I-37.pdf. Accessed April 2009.

(Reviewed 2002 December). Urinary Tract Infections in Adults. American Urological Association Foundation, UrologyHealth.org [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.urologyhealth.org/search/index.cfm?topic=147&search=UTI&searchtype=and. Accessed April 2009.

(Reviewed 2007 December). Urinary Tract Infections in Children. American Urological Association Foundation, UrologyHealth.org [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.urologyhealth.org/pediatric/index.cfm?cat=07&topic=146. Accessed April 2009.

Rahn, D. (2008 November 12). Urinary Tract Infections: Contemporary Management. Medscape from Urol Nurs. 2008;28(5):333-341 [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/583060. Accessed April 2009.

Stokowski, L. (2009 February 3). Preventing Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections. Medscape Nurses [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/587464. Accessed April 2009.

Cunha, B. et. al. (2008 June 12). Urinary Tract Infection, Females. Emedicine [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233101-overview. Accessed April 2009.

Cunha, B. (2008 June 25). Urinary Tract Infection, Males. Emedicine [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/231574-overview. Accessed April 2009.

(2012 May 24). Urinary Tract Infections in Adults. National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse, NIDDK. [On-line information]. Available online at http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/KUDiseases/pubs/utiadult/index.aspx. Accessed October 2012.

Mayo Clinic Staff (2012 August 29).Urinary tract infection (UTI). Mayo Clinic [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/urinary-tract-infection/DS00286. Accessed October 2012.

Brusch, J. (Updated 2011 August 9). Pathophysiology of Complicated Urinary Tract Infections. Medscape Reference [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2039975-overview. Accessed October 2012.

Brusch, J. (Updated 2012 February 1). Cystitis in Females. Medscape Reference [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233101-overview. Accessed October 2012.

Brusch, J. (Updated 2012 February 23). Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections. Medscape Reference [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2040239-overview. Accessed October 2012.

Tolan, R. (Updated 2011 May 12). Fever Without a Focus. Medscape Reference [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/970788-overview#showall. Accessed October 2012.

Vega, C. (2012 September 27). Overtreating UTIs: Walk Softly and Carry a Dipstick, A Best Evidence Review. Medscape Today News [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/771495. Accessed October 2012.

Urology Care Foundation. Urinary Tract Infection in Adults. Available online at http://www.urologyhealth.org/urologic-conditions/urinary-tract-infections-in-adults. Accessed on March 25, 2015.

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (May 2012 updated.) Urinary Tract Infection in Adults. Available online at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/urologic-disease/urinary-tract-infections-in-adults/Pages/facts.aspx. Accessed on March 25, 2016.

Balentine JR. Urinary Tract Infections. Available online at http://www.medicinenet.com/urinary_tract_infection/article.htm. Accessed on March 25, 2016.

Mayo Clinic Foundation. (July 23, 2015 updated.) Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). Available online at http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-tract-infection/basics/definition/con-20037892. Accessed on March 25, 2016.

Kodner CM, Thomas Gupton EK. Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Women: Diagnosis and Management. American Family Physician. 2010; 82(6):638-643.

Scholes D, Hooten TM, Roberts PL, et al. Risk Factors for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Young Women. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2000;182:1177–1182.

Hooten TM. Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Women. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2001;17(4):259-268.

Texas A&M University Newswise. (Feb 9, 2016.) Does Cranberry Juice Treat a UTI? Not the Kind You Buy at Grocery Stores, At Least. Available online at http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/647651?print-article. Accessed on March 28, 2016.

Cayley WE. Are Cranberry Products Effective for the Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections? American Family Physician. 2013;88(11):745-746.

Cleveland Clinic Urinary & Kidney Team. (October 21, 2015.) Can Cranberry Juice Stop Your UTI? Available online at https://health.clevelandclinic.org/2015/10/can-cranberry-juice-stop-uti/. Accessed March 28, 2016.

Foxman B, Cronenwet A, Spino C, et al. Cranberry Juice Capsules and Urinary Tract Infection After Surgery: Results of a Randomized Trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2015;213(2):194.e1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.04.003. Epub 2015 Apr 13.

Zeldovich, L. Unlocking the Mechanics of Urinary Tract Infection. The Atlantic. March 23, 2016. Available online at http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/03/treating-urinary-tract-infection/475014/. Accessed March 28, 2016.

On This Site

Elsewhere On The Web