Electrolytes and Anion Gap

Also Known As

Lytes

Anion Gap

Formal Name

Electrolyte Panel

This article was last reviewed on

August 28, 2019.

This article waslast modified on September 5, 2019.

At a Glance

Why Get Tested?

To detect a problem with your body's electrolyte balance

When To Get Tested?

As part of routine health screening or when your healthcare practitioner suspects that you have an imbalance of one of the electrolytes (usually sodium or potassium) or an acid-base imbalance

Sample Required?

A blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm

Test Preparation Needed?

None

You may be able to find your test results on your laboratory's website or patient portal. However, you are currently at Lab Tests Online. You may have been directed here by your lab's website in order to provide you with background information about the test(s) you had performed. You will need to return to your lab's website or portal, or contact your healthcare practitioner in order to obtain your test results.

Lab Tests Online is an award-winning patient education website offering information on laboratory tests. The content on the site, which has been reviewed by laboratory scientists and other medical professionals, provides general explanations of what results might mean for each test listed on the site, such as what a high or low value might suggest to your healthcare practitioner about your health or medical condition.

The reference ranges for your tests can be found on your laboratory report. They are typically found to the right of your results.

If you do not have your lab report, consult your healthcare provider or the laboratory that performed the test(s) to obtain the reference range.

Laboratory test results are not meaningful by themselves. Their meaning comes from comparison to reference ranges. Reference ranges are the values expected for a healthy person. They are sometimes called "normal" values. By comparing your test results with reference values, you and your healthcare provider can see if any of your test results fall outside the range of expected values. Values that are outside expected ranges can provide clues to help identify possible conditions or diseases.

While accuracy of laboratory testing has significantly evolved over the past few decades, some lab-to-lab variability can occur due to differences in testing equipment, chemical reagents, and techniques. This is a reason why so few reference ranges are provided on this site. It is important to know that you must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."

For more information, please read the article Reference Ranges and What They Mean.

Sodium Reference Range

The reference ranges¹ provided here represent a theoretical guideline that should not be used to interpret your test results. Some variation is likely between these numbers and the reference range reported by the lab that ran your test. Please consult your healthcare provider.

Age	Conventional Units²	SI Units³
0-18 years	Not available due to wide variability. See child's lab report for reference range.
Adult	136-145 mEq/L	136-145 mmol/L
>90 years	132-146 mEq/L	132-146 mmol/L

Potassium Reference Range

Age	Conventional Units²	SI Units³
0-18 years	Not available due to wide variability. See child's lab report for reference range.
Adult	3.5-5.1 mEq/L	3.5-5.1 mmol/L

Choride Reference Range

Age	Conventional Units²	SI Units³
0-18 years	Not available due to wide variability. See child's lab report for reference range.
Adult	98-107 mEq/L	98-107 mmol/L
>90 years	98-111 mEq/L	98-111 mmol/L

CO2 Reference Range

Age	Conventional Units²	SI Units³
0-18 years	Not available due to wide variability. See child's lab report for reference range.
Adult	23-29 mEq/L	23-29 mmol/L
>60 years	23-31 mEq/L	23-31 mmol/L
>90 years	20-29 mEq/L	20-29 mmol/L

¹ from Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE, eds. 5th edition, St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2011.

² Conventional Units are typically used for reporting results in U.S. labs

³ SI Units are used to report lab results outside of the U.S.

What is being tested?

Electrolytes are minerals that are found in body tissues and blood in the form of dissolved salts. As electrically charged particles, electrolytes help move nutrients into and wastes out of the body's cells, maintain a healthy water balance, and help stabilize the body's acid/base (pH) level.

The electrolyte panel measures the blood levels of the main electrolytes in the body:

Sodium—most of the body's sodium is found in the fluid outside of the body's cells, where it helps to regulate the amount of water in the body.
Potassium—this electrolyte is found mainly inside the body's cells. A small but vital amount of potassium is found in the plasma, the liquid portion of the blood. Potassium plays an important role in regulating muscle contraction. Monitoring potassium is important as small changes in the potassium level can affect the heart's rhythm and ability to contract.
Chloride—this electrolyte moves in and out of the cells to help maintain electrical neutrality (concentrations of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions must be equal) and its level usually mirrors that of sodium. Due to its close association with sodium, chloride also helps to regulate the distribution of water in the body.
Bicarbonate—the main job of bicarbonate (or total CO₂, an estimate of bicarbonate), which is released and reabsorbed by the kidneys, is to help maintain a stable pH level (acid-base balance) and, secondarily, to help maintain electrical neutrality. Bicarbonate also plays an important role in the transport of CO₂: much of the CO₂ produced by the body's tissues is transported in the blood as bicarbonate to the lungs, where it is exhaled.

The foods you eat and the fluids you drink provide the sodium, potassium, and chloride your body needs. The kidneys help maintain proper levels by reabsorption or by elimination into the urine. The lungs provide oxygen and regulate CO₂. The CO₂ is produced by the body and is in balance with bicarbonate. The overall balance of these chemicals is an indication of the functional well-being of several basic body functions. They are important in maintaining a wide range of body functions, including heart and skeletal muscle contraction and nerve signaling.

Any disease or condition that affects the amount of fluid in the body, such as dehydration, or affects the lungs, kidneys, metabolism, or breathing has the potential to cause a fluid, electrolyte, or pH imbalance (acidosis or alkalosis). Normal pH must be maintained within a narrow range of 7.35-7.45 and electrolytes must be in balance to ensure the proper functioning of metabolic processes and the delivery of the right amount of oxygen to tissues. (For more on this, see the condition articles on Acidosis and Alkalosis and Dehydration.)

A related "test" is the anion gap, which is a value calculated using the results of an electrolyte panel. It reflects the difference between the positively charged ions (called cations) and the negatively charged ions (called anions). An abnormal anion gap is non-specific—it does not diagnose a specific disease or illness—but it can suggest certain kinds of metabolic or respiratory disorders or the presence of toxic substances. For more information on anion gap, see Common Questions below.

While sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate are commonly measured together as the electrolyte panel, they can also each be ordered individually for diagnosis/monitoring of conditions that affect specific electrolytes. The body also contains other electrolytes that are not part of the "electrolyte panel" but may also be ordered by your healthcare practitioner. These include: calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), and phosphate (PO₄^3-).

Common Questions

How is the test used?

The electrolyte panel is used to identify an electrolyte, fluid, or pH imbalance (acidosis or alkalosis). It is frequently ordered as part of a routine health exam. It may be ordered by itself or as a component of a basic metabolic panel (BMP) or a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP). These panels can include other tests such as BUN, creatinine, and glucose.

Electrolyte measurements may be used to help investigate conditions that cause electrolyte imbalances such as dehydration, kidney disease, lung diseases, or heart conditions. A series of electrolyte panels may also be used to monitor treatment of the condition causing the imbalance.

Since electrolyte and acid-base imbalances can be present with a wide variety of acute and chronic illnesses, the electrolyte panel is frequently used to evaluate patients who seek medical care in the emergency room as well as hospitalized patients.

The results for an electrolyte panel may also include a calculation for anion gap that can be used to help detect disorders or the presence of toxic substances (see below).

If you have an imbalance of a single electrolyte, such as sodium or potassium, your healthcare practitioner may order repeat testing of that individual electrolyte, monitoring the imbalance until it resolves. If you have an acid-base imbalance, your healthcare practitioner may also order tests for blood gases, which measure the pH and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in an arterial blood sample, to help evaluate the severity of the imbalance and monitor its response to treatment.
When is it ordered?
An electrolyte panel may be ordered as part of a routine health exam, as recommended by your healthcare practitioner. It may also be ordered as a diagnostic aid when you have signs and symptoms, such as:

Fluid accumulation (edema)

Nausea or vomiting

Weakness

Confusion

Irregular heart beat (cardiac arrhythmias)

It is frequently ordered as part of an evaluation when you have an acute or chronic illness and at regular intervals when you have a disease or condition or is taking a medication that can cause an electrolyte imbalance. Electrolyte tests are commonly ordered at regular intervals to monitor treatment of certain conditions, including high blood pressure (hypertension), heart failure, lung diseases, liver disease and kidney disease.
What does the test result mean?
High or low electrolyte levels can be caused by several conditions and diseases. Generally, they are affected by how much is consumed in the diet and absorbed by the body, the amount of water in your body, and the amount eliminated by the kidneys. Electrolyte levels are also affected by some hormones such as aldosterone, which conserves sodium and promotes the elimination of potassium, and natriuretic peptides, which increase elimination of sodium by the kidneys.

Electrolyte levels can be affected by changes in the amount of water in your body. For example:

If your kidneys are not functioning properly (i.e., kidney disease), you may retain excess fluid. This results in a dilution effect on sodium and chloride so that they fall below normal levels.

On the other hand, if you experience severe fluid loss (dehydration), you may show an increase in potassium, sodium, and chloride levels.

Some conditions such as heart disease and diabetes may also affect the fluid and electrolytes balance in your body and cause abnormal levels of electrolytes. Several other conditions can cause electrolyte and pH imbalances. (See the condition article on Acidosis and Alkalosis for more information.)

Knowing which electrolytes are out of balance can help your healthcare practitioner determine the underlying cause and make decisions about treatment to restore proper balance. Left untreated, an electrolyte imbalance can lead to various problems, including dizziness, cramps, irregular heartbeat, and possibly death.

See the individual test articles for additional information on what results might mean:

Sodium

Potassium

Chloride

Bicarbonate
One of the results from my electrolyte panel is slightly out of range. What does this mean?
The results of your electrolyte panel are interpreted by your healthcare practitioner within the context of other tests that you have had done as well as other factors, such as your medical history. A single result that is slightly high or low may or may not have medical significance. There are several reasons why a test result may differ on different days and why it may fall outside a designated reference range.

Biological variability (different results in the same person at different times): If a healthcare practitioner runs the same test on you on several different occasions, there is a good chance that one result will fall outside a reference range even though you are in good health. For biological reasons, your values can vary from day to day.

Individual variability (differences in results between different people): References ranges are usually established by collecting results from a large population and determining from the data an expected average (mean) result and expected differences from that average (standard deviation). There are individuals who are healthy but whose tests results, which are normal for them, do not always fall within the expected range of the overall population.

So, a test value that falls outside of the established reference range may mean nothing significant. Generally, this is the case when the test value is only slightly higher or lower than the reference range and is why a healthcare practitioner may repeat a test on you and why the practitioner may look at results from prior times when you had the same test performed.

However, a result outside the range may indicate a problem and warrant further investigation. Your healthcare practitioner will evaluate your test results in the context of your medical history, physical exam, and other relevant factors to determine whether a result that falls outside of the reference range means something significant for you. For more, read the article on Reference Ranges and What They Mean.
What is anion gap?

Anion gap (AG or AGAP) is a value calculated using the results of an electrolyte panel. It is used to help distinguish between anion-gap and non-anion-gap metabolic acidosis. Acidosis refers to an excess of acid in the body; this can disturb many cell functions and should be recognized as quickly as possible, when present. The anion gap is frequently used in the hospital and/or emergency room setting to help diagnose and monitor acutely ill patients. If anion-gap metabolic acidosis is identified, the AG may be used to help monitor the effectiveness of treatment and the underlying condition.

Specifically, the anion gap evaluates the difference between measured and unmeasured electrical particles (ions or electrolytes) in the fluid portion of the blood. According to the principle of electrical neutrality, the number of positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions) should be equal. However, not all ions are routinely measured. The calculated AG result represents the unmeasured ions and primarily consists of anions, hence the name "anion gap." The most commonly used formula is:

Anion Gap (AG) = Sodium - (Chloride + Bicarbonate [total CO2])

However, there are other AG formulas, so reference ranges are not interchangeable. Each laboratory formula will have an established normal range that should be referenced.

The anion gap is non-specific. It is increased when the number of unmeasured anions increases, indicating a state of anion-gap metabolic acidosis, but it does not tell the healthcare practitioner what is causing the imbalance. The metabolic acidosis must be treated to restore the acid/base balance, but the underlying condition must also be identified and treated. Causes can include uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, kidney damage, and ingestion of potentially toxic substances such as antifreeze, excessive amounts of aspirin (salicylates), or methanol. A low anion gap can also occur; this is most commonly seen when albumin (an anion as well as a protein) is low, while immunoglobulins (cations as well as proteins) are increased.
What is the treatment for an electrolyte imbalance?

Treatment depends on which electrolyte(s) is out of balance and the extent of that change. Treatment usually involves managing the imbalance while identifying and addressing the underlying cause(s) of the imbalance and providing whatever support is necessary to the affected person.
Is there anything else I should know?

Certain drugs, such as anabolic steroids, corticosteroids, laxatives, cough medicines, and oral contraceptives, may cause increased levels of sodium. Other drugs, such as diuretics, carbamazepine, and tricyclic antidepressants, may cause decreased levels of sodium.

Drugs that affect sodium blood levels will also cause changes in chloride. Taking substantially more than the recommended dosage of antacids can also cause low chloride levels.

Some drugs may increase bicarbonate (total CO₂) levels. These include, among others, fludrocortisone, barbiturates, hydrocortisone, loop diuretics, and steroids.   Drugs that may decrease bicarbonate (total CO₂) levels include methicillin, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, thiazide diuretics, and triamterene.

Some diuretics, which may be used for people with disorders such as high blood pressure or kidney disease, tend to lower potassium levels to dangerously low levels. To avoid this problem, a healthcare practitioner may prescribe a potassium-sparing diuretic.

A non-physiological cause of a high potassium level in a patient sample is leakage from the blood cells if the sample is not handled carefully or is delayed in transport to the lab. If a significant amount of potassium leaks from cells, it can contribute to a falsely high test result. When a healthcare practitioner suspects that a potassium result is not consistent with a patient's condition, the test for potassium may be repeated.

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View Sources

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2019 review performed by Kenneth A. Wong, BSc (MLS), MLT, Instructor, NAIT and the Editorial Review Board.

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