Also Known As
Glomerular Filtration Rate, Estimated
GFR
eGFR
Calculated Glomerular Filtration Rate
cGFR
This article was last reviewed on
This article waslast modified on September 23, 2019.
At a Glance
Why Get Tested?

To assess kidney function and diagnose, stage, and monitor chronic kidney disease (CKD)

When To Get Tested?

With a blood creatinine test as part of a routine health exam or when your healthcare practitioner thinks that you may have kidney damage or that you may be at risk for developing kidney disease

Sample Required?

A blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm; the eGFR is a calculated estimate of the actual glomerular filtration rate and is based on your blood creatinine level along with other variables such as your age, sex, and race, depending on the equation used.

Test Preparation Needed?

This test uses a blood creatinine level to calculate a result. You may be instructed to fast overnight or refrain from eating cooked meat; some studies have shown that eating cooked meat prior to testing can temporarily increase the level of creatinine.

What is being tested?

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a measure of the function of the kidneys. This test measures the level of creatinine in the blood and uses the result in a formula to calculate a number that reflects how well the kidneys are functioning, called the estimated GFR or eGFR.

Glomeruli are tiny filters in the kidneys that allow waste products to be removed from the blood, while preventing the loss of important constituents, including proteins and blood cells. Every day, healthy kidneys filter about 200 quarts of blood and produce about 2 quarts of urine. The GFR refers to the amount of blood that is filtered by the glomeruli per minute. As a person's kidney function declines due to damage or disease, the filtration rate decreases and waste products begin to accumulate in the blood.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a decrease in kidney function that is often progressive. CKD can be seen with a variety of conditions, including diabetes and high blood pressure. Early detection of kidney dysfunction can help to minimize the damage. This is important as symptoms of kidney disease may not be noticeable until as much as 30-40% of kidney function is lost.

Measuring glomerular filtration rate directly is considered the most accurate way to detect changes in kidney status, but measuring the GFR directly is complicated, requires experienced personnel, and is typically performed only in research settings and transplant centers. Because of this, the estimated GFR is usually used.

The eGFR is a calculation based on a serum creatinine test. Creatinine is a muscle waste product that is filtered from the blood by the kidneys and released into the urine at a relatively steady rate. When kidney function decreases, less creatinine is eliminated and concentrations increase in the blood. With the creatinine test, a reasonable estimate of the actual GFR can be determined.

Different equations may be used to calculate eGFR. The following two are most common and require a person's blood creatinine result, age, and assigned values based upon sex and race.

  • Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) creatinine equation (2009)—recommended by the National Kidney Foundation for calculating eGFR in adults
  • Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study (MDRD) equation—some laboratories continue to use this equation

The results reported using one equation versus the other will not be identical but should give a healthcare practitioner similar information.

A different set of CKD-EPI calculators was published in 2012. These equations use the result of a cystatin C test. (For more on these, see Common Questions below.) There is also a modified equation for people 18 and under that takes the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level into consideration along with the factors listed above.

How is the sample collected for testing?

A blood sample is taken by needle from a vein in the arm. Depending on the formula used, a person's age, sex, race, height, and weight may also be needed.

Is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample?

This test uses a blood creatinine level to calculate a result. You may be instructed to fast overnight or refrain from eating cooked meat; some studies have shown that eating cooked meat prior to testing can temporarily increase the level of creatinine.

See More
See Less
Common Questions
  • How is it used?

    The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is used to screen for and detect early kidney damage, to help diagnose chronic kidney disease (CKD), and to monitor kidney status. It is a calculation based on the results of a blood creatinine test along with other variables such as age, sex, and race (e.g., African-American, non-African American), depending on the equation used. 

    The National Kidney Disease Education Program, American Society of Nephrology, and the National Kidney Foundation all recommend that an eGFR be calculated every time a creatinine blood test is done. The creatinine test is ordered frequently as part of a routine comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) or basic metabolic panel (BMP), or along with a blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test to evaluate the status of a person's kidneys.

    Creatinine, along with eGFR, is often used to monitor people with known CKD and those with conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure (hypertension) that may lead to kidney damage.

    Other tests that may be done at the same time to help detect kidney damage and/or evaluate kidney function are:

  • When is it ordered?

    A creatinine test and eGFR may be ordered when a healthcare practitioner wants to evaluate a person's kidney function as part of a health checkup or if kidney disease is suspected. Signs and symptoms of kidney disease may include:

    • Swelling or puffiness, particularly around the eyes or in the face, wrists, abdomen, thighs, or ankles
    • Urine that is foamy, bloody, or coffee-colored
    • A decrease in the amount of urine
    • Problems urinating, such as a burning feeling or abnormal discharge during urination, or a change in the frequency of urination, especially at night
    • Mid-back pain (flank), below the ribs, near where the kidneys are located
    • High blood pressure (hypertension)

    As kidney disease worsens, symptoms may include:

    • Urinating more or less often
    • Feeling itchy
    • Tiredness, loss of concentration
    • Loss of appetite, nausea and/or vomiting
    • Swelling and/or numbness in hands and feet
    • Darkened skin
    • Muscle cramps

    An eGFR may be repeated if the initial result is abnormal to see if it persists.

    The test is usually ordered periodically when a person has a chronic kidney disease (CKD) or a condition such as diabetes or hypertension that is associated with an increased risk of kidney damage.

  • What does the test result mean?

    Estimated GFR results are reported as milliliters/minute/1.73m2 (mL/min/1.73m2). Because some laboratories do not collect information on a patient's race when the sample is collected for testing, they may report calculated results for both African Americans and non-African Americans. The healthcare practitioner uses the result that applies to the particular patient in order to interpret the results correctly.

    A normal eGFR for adults is greater than 90 mL/min/1.73m2, according to the National Kidney Foundation. (Because the calculation works best for estimating reduced kidney function, actual numbers are only reported once values are less than 60 mL/min/1.73m2).

    An eGFR below 60 mL/min/1.73m2 suggests that some kidney damage has occurred. The test may be repeated to see if the abnormal result persists. Chronic kidney disease is diagnosed when a person has an eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73m2 for more than three months.

    A person may have some kidney damage even with an eGFR greater than 90 mL/min/1.73m2. Other evidence, such as increased urine albumin, may indicate some degree of kidney damage. Thus, a person's eGFR should be interpreted in relation to the person's clinical history and presenting conditions.

    The following table summarizes estimated GFR and the stages of kidney damage:

    Kidney damage stage description estimated gfr (ML/MIN/1.73M2) other findings
    1 Normal or minimal kidney damage with normal GFR 90+ Protein or albumin in urine may be high, cells or casts rarely seen in urine (see Urinalysis)
    2 Mild decrease in GFR 60-89 Protein or albumin in urine may be high, cells or casts rarely seen in urine
    3 Moderate decrease in GFR 30-59  
    4 Severe decrease in GFR 15-29  
    5 Kidney failure <15  
  • Is there anything else I should know?

    Another method of evaluating kidney function and potentially estimating GFR involves the measurement of the blood level of cystatin C. There is increasing interest in the use of this test for these purposes and several studies have been performed comparing calculations of eGFR using creatinine, cystatin C, or both. According to the National Kidney Foundation (NKF), two meta-analyses concluded that cystatin C is superior to creatinine as a marker of kidney function. The NKF also states that a formula for calculating eGFR that includes both blood creatinine and cystatin C values may improve that estimate (see below).

    The creatinine clearance test also provides an estimate of kidney function and of the actual GFR. However, in addition to the serum creatinine, this test requires a timed urine collection (24 hours) for urine creatinine measurement in order to compare blood and urine creatinine concentrations and to calculate the clearance.

    The actual amount of creatinine that a person produces and excretes is affected by their muscle mass and by the amount of protein in their diet. Men tend to have higher creatinine levels than women and children.

    A person's GFR decreases with age and some illnesses and usually increases during pregnancy.

    A slightly different equation should be used to calculate the eGFR for those under the age of 18 (see below). The eGFR equations are not valid for those who are 70 years of age or older because muscle mass normally decreases with age.

    An eGFR may not be as useful for those who differ from normal creatinine concentrations. This may include people who have significantly more muscle (such as a body builder) or less muscle (such as a muscle-wasting disease) than the norm, those who are extremely obese, malnourished, follow a strict vegetarian diet, ingest little protein, or who take creatine dietary supplements.

    The eGFR may also be affected by a variety of drugs, such as gentamicin, cisplatin, and cefoxitin that increase creatinine levels, and by any condition that decreases blood flow to the kidneys.

    The calculation for eGFR is intended to be used when kidney function and creatinine production are stable. If a creatinine level is measured when the kidney function is changing rapidly, such as with acute kidney failure, then it will not give a useful estimate of the filtration rate.

  • How can my actual GFR be determined?

    The best method for directly determining the GFR is a procedure called an "inulin clearance." It involves introducing a fluid containing the marker molecule inulin (NOT insulin) into your veins (IV – intravenous infusion) and then collecting timed urines over a period of hours. The urine volumes are noted and the inulin in each sample is measured to allow determination of the GFR. This test and other methods of determining GFR, such as those that use radioactive markers, are not routinely ordered and are primarily performed in research settings.

  • Could I calculate my own eGFR?

    If you have had a recent creatinine or cystatin C measurement, you can calculate the eGFR by using one of the calculators for people 19 years of age or older on the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) web site. If you have questions about the interpretation of your results, it is best to consult with your healthcare provider. For children and teens younger than 19, see the pediatric eGFR calculator on the NKF website.

  • Is an eGFR always calculated when a creatinine test is ordered?

    This practice is recommended and has been adopted by most laboratories. The eGFR can always be calculated at your healthcare provider's request.

  • Why might my healthcare provider repeat my eGFR test?

    Besides for periodic monitoring, the eGFR might be repeated if your healthcare provider feels that a temporary condition may be affecting your results.

  • What other findings might suggest kidney dysfunction?

    Diabetics and others at risk for developing kidney disease may be monitored for small amounts of albumin in their urine by performing a urine albumin test. The presence of albumin and other plasma proteins as well as blood in the urine can all be signs of potential kidney damage.

  • Why are factors such as age, sex, and race used in eGFR calculations?

    This is because these factors are known to affect the level of creatinine in the blood. Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscles from the breakdown of a compound called creatine. According to the National Kidney Foundation, men tend to have more muscle mass than women so their creatinine levels tend to be higher. African Americans have a higher average muscle mass and generate more creatinine. As we age, we lose muscle mass and thus have lower blood creatinine levels for the same kidney function the older we get.

  • Besides measuring blood creatinine, are there other ways of estimating GFR?

    Yes, a set of new Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) calculators was published in 2012. One uses the measure of a substance called cystatin C instead of creatinine to calculate eGFR while the other uses measures of both blood creatinine and cystatin C to estimate GFR. Cystatin C is a relatively small protein that is produced throughout the body by all cells that contain a nucleus and is found in a variety of body fluids, including the blood. It is produced, filtered from the blood by the kidneys, and broken down at a constant rate. Unlike creatinine, cystatin C is not significantly affected by muscle mass.

    According to the National Kidney Foundation, the newer CKD-EPI equations may be useful for assessing kidney function in people who have differences in diet, such as vegans, very high or very low muscle mass (e.g., body builders or those with muscle-wasting diseases), or for those who have changing muscle mass. They also may be useful for identifying people diagnosed with chronic kidney disease who have the highest risk of complications.

See More Common Questions See Less Common Questions
Health Professionals – LOINC

Logo for LOINC from RegenstriefLOINC Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC®) is the international standard for identifying health measurements, observations, and documents. It provides a common language to unambiguously identify things you can measure or observe that enables the exchange and aggregation of clinical results for care delivery, outcomes management, and research. Learn More.

Listed in the table below are the LOINC with links to the LOINC detail pages.

LOINC LOINC Display Name
88293-6 GFR/1.73 sq M predicted among blacks CKD-EPI (S/P/Bld) [Vol rate/Area]
48643-1 GFR/1.73 sq M predicted among blacks MDRD (S/P/Bld) [Vol rate/Area]
70969-1 GFR/1.73 sq M predicted among males MDRD (S/P/Bld) [Vol rate/Area]
88294-4 GFR/1.73 sq M predicted among non-blacks CKD-EPI (S/P/Bld) [Vol rate/Area]
48642-3 GFR/1.73 sq M predicted among non-blacks MDRD (S/P/Bld) [Vol rate/Area]
76633-7 GFR/1.73 sq M.predicted MDRD (Bld) [Vol rate/Area]
69405-9 GFR/1.73 sq M.predicted (S/P/Bld) [Vol rate/Area]
62238-1 GFR/1.73 sq M.predicted CKD-EPI (S/P/Bld) [Vol rate/Area]
50384-7 GFR/1.73 sq M.predicted Schwartz (S/P/Bld) [Vol rate/Area]
50210-4 GFR/1.73 sq M.predicted Cystatin-based formula (S/P/Bld) [Vol rate/Area]
77147-7 GFR/1.73 sq M.predicted MDRD (S/P/Bld) [Vol rate/Area]
33914-3 GFR/1.73 sq M.predicted MDRD [Vol rate/Area]
50044-7 GFR/1.73 sq M predicted among females MDRD (S/P/Bld) [Vol rate/Area]
See More
See Less

You may be able to find your test results on your laboratory's website or patient portal. However, you are currently at Lab Tests Online. You may have been directed here by your lab's website in order to provide you with background information about the test(s) you had performed. You will need to return to your lab's website or portal, or contact your healthcare practitioner in order to obtain your test results.

Lab Tests Online is an award-winning patient education website offering information on laboratory tests. The content on the site, which has been reviewed by laboratory scientists and other medical professionals, provides general explanations of what results might mean for each test listed on the site, such as what a high or low value might suggest to your healthcare practitioner about your health or medical condition.

The reference ranges for your tests can be found on your laboratory report. They are typically found to the right of your results.

If you do not have your lab report, consult your healthcare provider or the laboratory that performed the test(s) to obtain the reference range.

Laboratory test results are not meaningful by themselves. Their meaning comes from comparison to reference ranges. Reference ranges are the values expected for a healthy person. They are sometimes called "normal" values. By comparing your test results with reference values, you and your healthcare provider can see if any of your test results fall outside the range of expected values. Values that are outside expected ranges can provide clues to help identify possible conditions or diseases.

While accuracy of laboratory testing has significantly evolved over the past few decades, some lab-to-lab variability can occur due to differences in testing equipment, chemical reagents, and techniques. This is a reason why so few reference ranges are provided on this site. It is important to know that you must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."

For more information, please read the article Reference Ranges and What They Mean.

See "What does the test result mean?" for details about eGFR results.

Read More
Read Less
View Sources

Sources Used in Current Review

(2016) National Kidney Foundation. GFR Calculator. Available online at https://www.kidney.org/professionals/KDOQI/gfr_calculator. Accessed June 19, 2016.

(2014) National Kidney Foundation. Frequently Asked Questions about GFR Estimates. Available online at https://www.kidney.org/sites/default/files/docs/12-10-4004_abe_faqs_aboutgfrrev1b_singleb.pdf. Accessed June 19, 2016.

(April 2015) National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR). Available online at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-communication-programs/nkdep/lab-evaluation/gfr/estimating/Pages/estimating.aspx#the-mdrd-equation. Accessed June 20, 2016.

(April 2015) Medscape. Chronic Kidney Disease Workup. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/238798-workup#c8. Accessed June 23, 2016.

NFK KDOQI Guidelines. Available online at http://www2.kidney.org/professionals/KDOQI/guidelines_ckd/p4_class_g1.htm. Accessed June 2016.

Mayo Clinic. Creatinine with Estimated GFR (MDRD), Serum. Available online at http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/8472. Accessed June 2016.

Mayo Clinic. Interpretive Handbook. Test 8472: Creatinine with Estimated GFR (MDRD), Serum. Available online at http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/interpretive-guide/?alpha=C&unit_code=8472. Accessed June 2016.

NIH National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR). Available online at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-communication-programs/nkdep/lab-evaluation/gfr/estimating/Pages/estimating.aspx. Accessed June 2016.

NIH National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Reporting Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR). Available online at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-communication-programs/nkdep/lab-evaluation/gfr/reporting/Pages/reporting.aspx. Accessed June 2016.

American Kidney Fund. Tests for kidney health. Available online at http://www.kidneyfund.org/prevention/tests-for-kidney-health/?referrer=https://www.google.com/. Accessed June 2016.

American Kidney Fund. Blood test: eGFR. Available online at http://www.kidneyfund.org/prevention/tests-for-kidney-health/egfr-test.html. Accessed June 2016.

Quest Diagnostics. Test Center: Creatinine-based Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR). Available online at http://www.questdiagnostics.com/testcenter/testguide.action?dc=TS_eGFR. Accessed June 2016.

Sources Used in Previous Reviews

National Kidney Foundation. DOQI: Clinical Practice Guidelines. Available online at http://www.kidney.org/professionals/kdoqi/guidelines.

National Kidney Foundation. Glomerular Filtration Rate. Available online at http://www.kidney.org/kidneydisease/ckd/knowGFR.cfm.

National Kidney Foundation. Kidney Learning System: GFR. Available online at http://www.kidney.org/professionals/KLS/gfr.cfm.

Levey et al. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: a new prediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1999; 130(6):461-470.

Clarke, W. and Dufour, D. R., Editors (© 2006). Contemporary Practice in Clinical Chemistry: AACC Press, Washington, DC. Pp 311-312.

Wu, A. (© 2006). Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, 4th Edition: Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, MO. Pp 438-439.

Patel, P. (Updated 2009 August 12). Glomerular filtration rate. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007305.htm. Accessed October 2009.

(2009 February). The Kidneys and How They Work. National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse [On-line information]. Available online at http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/yourkidneys/. Accessed October 2009.

(Reviewed 2009 April 7). Laboratory Professionals, Estimating and Reporting GFR. National Kidney Disease Education Program [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nkdep.nih.gov/labprofessionals/estimate_report_gfr.htm. Accessed October 2009.

Delgado, J. (Updated 2009 August). Renal Function Markers - Kidney Disease. ARUP Consult [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.arupconsult.com/Topics/RenalFunctionMarkers.html?client_ID=LTD#. Accessed October 2009.

(© 2007). Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR), in the Detection and Assessment of Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults. LabCorp Technical Review [On-line information]. PDF available for download at https://www.labcorp.com/pdf/Estimated_Glomerular_Filtration_Rate_eGFRL1137_1207_2.pdf. Accessed October 2009.

(Reviewed 2007 October). Glomerular Filtration Rate, Estimated (eGFR). Quest Diagnostics Test Summary [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.questdiagnostics.com/hcp/intguide/jsp/showintguidepage.jsp?fn=TS_eGFR.htm. Accessed October 2009.

Turin, T. et. al. (2013) Change in the Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Over Time and Risk of All-Cause Mortality. Medscape Today News from Kidney Int. v83 (4):684-691 [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/782622. Accessed July 2013.

Simon, J. et. al. (2011 March). Interpreting the estimated glomerular filtration rate in primary care: Benefits and pitfalls. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine v78 (3) 189-195. [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.ccjm.org/content/78/3/189.full. Accessed July 2013.

(© 1995–2013). Cystatin C with Estimated GFR, Serum. Mayo Clinic Mayo Medical Laboratory Interpretive Handbook [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/interpretive-guide/?alpha=C&unit_code=35038. Accessed July 2013.

(Updated 2012 July 10) For People with Diabetes or High Blood Pressure: Get Checked for Kidney Disease. National Kidney Disease Education Program [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nkdep.nih.gov/resources/get-checked-kidney-disease.shtml. Accessed July 2013.

Dugdale, D. (Updated 2011 September 19). Glomerular filtration rate. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007305.htm. Accessed July 2013.

Shah, A. (Revised 2013 May). Evaluation of the Renal Patient. Merck Manual for Healthcare Professionals [On-line information]. Available online through http://www.merckmanuals.com. Accessed July 2013.

Pagana, K. D. & Pagana, T. J. (© 2011). Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 10th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO. Pp 329-333.

Clarke, W., Editor (© 2011). Contemporary Practice in Clinical Chemistry 2nd Edition: AACC Press, Washington, DC. Pp 362-364.

McPherson, R. and Pincus, M. (© 2011). Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods 22nd Edition: Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. Pp 173-177.

National Kidney Disease Education Program. Estimating GFR. Available online at http://nkdep.nih.gov/lab-evaluation/gfr/estimating.shtml. Accessed October 2013.

National Kidney Foundation. Cystatin C: What is its role in estimating GFR? Available online at http://www.kidney.org/professionals/tools/pdf/CystatinC.pdf. Accessed October 2013.

Weber, CL et al. Demystifying chronic kidney disease: Clinical caveats for the family physician. BCMJ, Vol. 50, No. 6, July, August 2008, page(s) 304-309. Available online at http://www.bcmj.org/article/demystifying-chronic-kidney-disease-clinical-caveats-family-physician. Accessed January 2015.

See More
See Less

Ask a Laboratory Scientist

This form enables patients to ask specific questions about lab tests. Your questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a voluntary service provided by one of our partners, American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science. Please allow 2-3 business days for an email response from one of the volunteers on the Consumer Information Response Team.

Disclaimer
Thank you for using the Consumer Information Response Service ("the Service") to inquire about the meaning of your lab test results.  The Service is provided free of charge by the American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science, which is one of many laboratory organizations that supports Lab Tests Online.
Please note that information provided through this free Service is not intended to be medical advice and should not be relied on as such. Although the laboratory provides the largest single source of objective, scientific data on patient status, it is only one part of a complex biological picture of health or disease. As professional clinical laboratory scientists, our goal is to assist you in understanding the purpose of laboratory tests and the general meaning of your laboratory results. It is important that you communicate with your physician so that together you can integrate the pertinent information, such as age, ethnicity, health history, signs and symptoms, laboratory and other procedures (radiology, endoscopy, etc.), to determine your health status. The information provided through this Service is not intended to substitute for such consultations with your physician nor specific medical advice to your health condition.
By submitting your question to this Service, you agree to waive, release, and hold harmless the American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science and its affiliates or their past or present officers, directors, employees, agents, and Service volunteers (collectively referred to as "ASCLS") and the American Association  for Clinical Chemistry and its affiliates or their past or present officers, directors, employees, agents, and Service volunteers (collectively referred to as "AACC") from any legal claims, rights, or causes of action you may have in connection with the responses provided to the questions that you submit to the Service.
AACC, ASCLS and its Service volunteers disclaim any liability arising out of your use of this Service or for any adverse outcome from your use of the information provided by this Service for any reason, including but not limited to any misunderstanding or misinterpretation of the information provided through this Service.
 
See More See Less