Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)

Also Known As

Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase

GGTP

Gamma-GT

GTP

Formal Name

Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase

This article was last reviewed on

October 5, 2016.

This article waslast modified on December 19, 2018.

At a Glance

Why Get Tested?

To evaluate for a possible liver disease or bile duct disease or to differentiate between liver and bone disease as a cause of elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP); sometimes to screen for or monitor alcohol abuse

When To Get Tested?

When you have symptoms of a liver or bile duct disorder or as follow up when you have an increased ALP level

Sample Required?

A blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm

Test Preparation Needed?

GGT levels fall after meals; you may be instructed to fast (nothing to eat or drink except water) for at least 8 hours prior to the test. You may also be asked to stop drinking alcohol or taking certain prescription medications.

What is being tested?

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme that is found in many organs throughout the body, with the highest concentrations found in the liver. GGT is elevated in the blood in most diseases that cause damage to the liver or bile ducts. This test measures the level of GGT in a blood sample.

Normally, GGT is present in low levels, but when the liver is injured, the GGT level can rise. GGT is usually the first liver enzyme to rise in the blood when any of the bile ducts that carry bile from the liver to the intestines become obstructed, for example, by tumors or stones. This makes it the most sensitive liver enzyme test for detecting bile duct problems.

However, the GGT test is not very specific and is not useful in differentiating between various causes of liver damage because it can be elevated with many types of liver diseases, such as liver cancer and viral hepatitis, as well as other non-hepatic conditions, such as acute coronary syndrome. For this reason, the GGT test is not recommended for routine use by itself. However, it can be useful in conjunction with other tests and in determining the cause of a high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level, another enzyme found in the liver.

Both GGT and ALP are increased in liver diseases, but only ALP will be increased with diseases affecting bone tissue. Therefore, GGT can be used as a follow up to an elevated ALP to help determine if the high ALP result is due to liver or bone disease.

GGT levels are sometimes increased with consumption of even small amounts of alcohol. Higher levels are found more commonly in chronic heavy drinkers than in people who consume less than 2 to 3 drinks per day or who only drink heavily on occasion (binge drinkers). The GGT test may be used in evaluating someone for acute or chronic alcohol abuse.

Common Questions

How is it used?

The gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) test may be used to determine the cause of elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Both ALP and GGT are elevated in disease of the bile ducts and in some liver diseases, but only ALP will be elevated in bone disease. Therefore, if the GGT level is normal in a person with a high ALP, the cause of the elevated ALP is most likely bone disease.

The GGT test is sometimes used to help detect liver disease and bile duct obstructions. It is usually ordered in conjunction with or as follow up to other liver tests such as ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin. (Read also about the Liver Panel.) In general, an increased GGT level indicates that a person's liver is being damaged but does not specifically point to a condition that may be causing the injury.

GGT can be used to screen for chronic alcohol abuse (it will be elevated in about 75% of chronic drinkers) and to monitor for alcohol use and/or abuse in people who are receiving treatment for alcoholism or alcoholic hepatitis.
When is it ordered?
A GGT test may be ordered when someone has an elevated ALP level. An ALP test may be ordered alone or as part of a routine liver panel to screen for liver damage, even if no symptoms are present. A GGT test may be ordered when results of the ALP test are high but other tests that are part of the liver panel (such as AST and ALT) are not increased.

GGT may be ordered along with or as a follow up to other liver function tests when a person has signs or symptoms that suggest liver disease. Some signs and symptoms of liver damage include:

Weakness, fatigue

Loss of appetite

Nausea and vomiting

Abdominal swelling and/or pain

Jaundice

Dark urine, light-colored stool

Itching (pruritus)

GGT may also be ordered when someone with a history of alcohol abuse has completed alcohol treatment in order to monitor compliance with the treatment program.
What does the test result mean?

An elevated GGT level suggests that a condition or disease is damaging the liver but does not indicate specifically what. In general, the higher the level, the greater the damage to the liver. Elevated levels may be due to liver diseases, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis, but they may also be due to other conditions, such as congestive heart failure, diabetes, or pancreatitis. They may also be caused by alcohol abuse or use of drugs that are toxic to the liver.

A low or normal GGT test result indicates that it is unlikely that a person has liver disease or has consumed any alcohol.

A high GGT level can help rule out bone disease as the cause of an increased ALP level, but if GGT is low or normal, then an increased ALP is more likely due to bone disease.
Is there anything else I should know?

Even small amounts of alcohol within 24 hours of a GGT test may cause a temporary increase in the GGT.

Smoking can also increase GGT.

Elevated GGT levels may be an indicator of cardiovascular disease and/or hypertension. Some studies have shown that people with increased GGT levels have an elevated risk of dying from heart disease, but the reason for this association is not yet known.

Drugs that may cause an elevated GGT level include phenytoin, carbamazepine, and barbiturates such as phenobarbital. Use of many other prescription and non-prescription drugs, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), lipid-lowering drugs, antibiotics, histamine receptor blockers (used to treat excess stomach acid production), antifungal agents, antidepressants, and hormones such as testosterone, can increase GGT levels. Clofibrate and oral contraceptives can decrease GGT levels.

Levels of GGT increase with age in women, but not in men, and are always somewhat higher in men than in women.
Can my GGT level be elevated if I don't have any symptoms?

Yes, GGT is very sensitive and can be increased when you don't have symptoms. This elevation may be temporary, perhaps due to medications that you are taking or alcohol ingested within 24 hours of the test. If other liver enzymes are normal, your healthcare practitioner may just wait and then repeat the GGT test. If the GGT is very high and/or your other liver enzymes are elevated, it may be necessary to have more extensive testing to identify the cause.
I am an alcoholic, but I have quit drinking. Will my GGT ever go back to normal?

Over time, your GGT level will fall from whatever level it was at when you stopped drinking alcohol to within the normal range. This can take several weeks to more than a month. Abstaining from alcohol will decrease your chances of further damaging your liver and should allow your liver function to improve.

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Lab Tests Online is an award-winning patient education website offering information on laboratory tests. The content on the site, which has been reviewed by laboratory scientists and other medical professionals, provides general explanations of what results might mean for each test listed on the site, such as what a high or low value might suggest to your healthcare practitioner about your health or medical condition.

The reference ranges for your tests can be found on your laboratory report. They are typically found to the right of your results.

If you do not have your lab report, consult your healthcare provider or the laboratory that performed the test(s) to obtain the reference range.

Laboratory test results are not meaningful by themselves. Their meaning comes from comparison to reference ranges. Reference ranges are the values expected for a healthy person. They are sometimes called "normal" values. By comparing your test results with reference values, you and your healthcare provider can see if any of your test results fall outside the range of expected values. Values that are outside expected ranges can provide clues to help identify possible conditions or diseases.

While accuracy of laboratory testing has significantly evolved over the past few decades, some lab-to-lab variability can occur due to differences in testing equipment, chemical reagents, and techniques. This is a reason why so few reference ranges are provided on this site. It is important to know that you must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are "within normal limits."

For more information, please read the article Reference Ranges and What They Mean.

View Sources

Sources Used in Current Review

(Jan 2016) American Liver Foundation. Liver Function Tests. Available online at http://www.liverfoundation.org/abouttheliver/info/liverfunctiontests/. Accessed August 13, 2016.

(Nov 2009) Gowda, S. et. al. A review on laboratory liver function tests. The Pan African Medical Journal. Available online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2984286/. Accessed August 13, 2016.

(May 2015) M. Lazo and J. Clark. Johns Hopkins Medicine POC-IT Guides. Liver function. Available online at http://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_Diabetes_Guide/547086/all/Liver_function. Accessed August 13, 2016.

(Feb 2015). MedlinePlus. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) blood test. Available online at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003458.htm. Accessed August 13, 2016.

Sources Used in Previous Reviews

Mayo 2001 Test Catalog, Mayo Medical Laboratories, Rochester, MN, 2000 Mayo Press.

Worman, H (1998). Common Laboratory Tests in Liver Diseases. Columbia University Health Sciences. Available online at http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/dept/gi/labtests.html.

Johnston, D (April 15, 1999). Special Considerations in Interpreting Liver Function Tests. American Family Physician: American Academy of Family Physicians. Available online at http://www.aafp.org/afp/990415ap/2223.html.

Riley, T (November 1, 2001). Preventive Strategies in Chronic Liver Disease: Part I. Alcohol, Vaccines, Toxic Medications and Supplements, Diet and Exercise. American Family Physician: American Academy of Family Physicians. Available online at http://www.aafp.org/afp/20011101/1555.html.

British Liver Trust Information Service (Last update September, 10 2001). Cirrhosis. British Liver Trust. Available online at http://www.britishlivertrust.org.uk/publications/cirrhosis.html.

MEDLINEplus (October 3, 2001). Medical Encyclopedia: ESR. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. MEdlinePlus. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003638.htm.

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Pagana, Kathleen D. & Pagana, Timothy J. (1999). Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference 4th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO.

Dufour DR, et al. Diagnosis and monitoring of hepatic injury - I. Characteristics of laboratory tests. Clin Chem 2000; 46:2027-2049.

Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. Burtis CA, Ashwood ER and Bruns DE, eds. 4th ed. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders; 2006 Pg 613.

Pagana K, Pagana T. Mosby's Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests. 3rd Edition, St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier; 2006, Pp. 259-260.

Clarke, W. and Dufour, D. R., Editors (2006). Contemporary Practice in Clinical Chemistry. AACC Press, Washington, DC, Pg. 271.

Carey, W (January 1, 2009). Approach to the Patient with Liver Disease: A Guide to Commonly Used Liver Tests, Cleveland Clinic. Available online at http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/hepatology/guide-to-common-liver-tests/. Accessed September 2009.

Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 21st ed. McPherson RA and Pincus MR, eds. Philadelphia: 2007, Pp 86, 275.

(2000) Dufour, DR et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Standards of Laboratory Practice: Laboratory Guidelines for Screening, Diagnosis and Monitoring of Hepatic Injury. Available online at http://www.aacc.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/NACB/LMPG/hepatic/hepatic_combined.pdf#page=3.

National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse, part of NIDDK, NIH. NSAIDS and Peptic Ulcers. Available online at http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/nsaids/. Accessed September 20, 2010.

MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003458.htm. Accessed September 20, 2010.

Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. (Updated Jan. 21, 2013.) MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003458.htm. Accessed September 2013.

Kim, KM et al. (Dec. 2012) Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase as a risk factor for general cardiovascular disease prediction in Koreans. National Center for Biotechnology Information PubMed database. Available online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23138005. Accessed September 2013.

Gamma-glutamyltransferase level and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS. Available online through http://www.plosone.org at http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048878. Accessed September 2013.

Ghadban, R. et. al. (Updated Aug. 2, 2012). Gamma-Glutamyltransferase. Medscape. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2087891-overview#aw2aab6b3. Accessed September 2013.

KidsHealth. Blood Test: Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT). Available online at http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/medical/test_ggt.html. Accessed September 2013.

George, Hank. GGT - Gammaglutamyl Transferase. December, 2000. Available online at http://www.stat.unc.edu/visitors/temp/Health/Thyroid/ggt2.htm. Accessed September 2013.

General Practice Notebook. GGT and alcohol intake. Available online at http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=x20080405181818225450. Accessed September 2013.

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