Troponin

At a Glance

Why Get Tested?

To determine if you have had a heart attack or injury to heart muscle; to determine if your angina (chest pain related to heart trouble) is worsening

When To Get Tested?

Immediately, then followed by a series of troponin tests over several hours when you are having signs and symptoms that may be due to a heart attack, such as pain in your chest, shoulders, neck, jaw and/or shortness of breath; when your angina worsens, especially if it does not resolve with rest

Sample Required?

A blood sample drawn from a vein

Test Preparation Needed?

None, but tell your healthcare practitioner or emergency department personnel about any over-the-counter or prescription medications and/or supplements you take.

What is being tested?

Troponins are a group of proteins found in skeletal and heart (cardiac) muscle fibers that regulate muscular contraction. Troponin tests measure the level of cardiac-specific troponin in the blood to help detect heart injury.

There are three types of troponin proteins: troponin C, troponin T, and troponin I. Troponin C initiates contraction by binding calcium and moves troponin I so that the two proteins that pull the muscle fiber shorter can interact. Troponin T anchors the troponin complex to the muscle fiber structure. There is little or no difference in troponin C between skeletal and cardiac muscle, but the forms of troponin I and troponin T are different. Measuring the amount of cardiac-specific troponin T or troponin I in the blood can help identify individuals who have experienced damage to their heart.

Normally, troponin is present in very small to undetectable quantities in the blood. When there is damage to heart muscle cells, troponin is released into the blood. The more damage there is, the greater the concentration in the blood. Primarily, troponin tests are used to help determine if an individual has suffered a heart attack. They may also be helpful in evaluating someone for other forms of heart injury.

Many laboratories in the U.S. use high-sensitivity troponin tests since the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved them in 2017. Because this version of the test is more sensitive than previous, older versions, it becomes positive sooner and may help detect heart injury and acute coronary syndrome earlier. The hs-troponin test may also be positive in people with stable angina and even in people with no symptoms. When it is elevated in these individuals, it indicates an increased risk of future heart events such as heart attacks.

When a person has a heart attack, levels of cardiac-specific troponins I and T can become elevated in the blood within 3 or 4 hours after injury and may remain elevated for 10 to 14 days.

Common Questions

How is the test used?

High-sensitivity troponin tests are primarily ordered to help diagnose a heart attack and rule out other conditions with similar signs and symptoms. Either a troponin I or troponin T test can be performed; usually a laboratory will offer one test or the other. The concentrations are different, but they basically provide the same information.

Troponin tests are also sometimes used to evaluate people for heart injury due to causes other than a heart attack or to distinguish signs and symptoms such as chest pain that may be due to other causes. Testing may also be done to evaluate people with angina if their signs and symptoms worsen.

Troponin tests are sometimes ordered along with other cardiac biomarkers, such as CK–MB or myoglobin. However, troponin is the preferred test for a suspected heart attack because it is more specific for heart injury than other tests (which may be elevated in the blood with skeletal muscle injury) and remain elevated for a longer period of time.

When is it ordered?

A troponin test will usually be ordered when a person with a suspected heart attack first comes into the emergency room, followed by a series of troponin tests performed over several hours.

A heart attack may be suspected and testing done when a person has signs and symptoms such as those listed below. Note that not everyone will experience chest pain, and women are more likely than men to have sign and symptoms that are not typical.

Chest pain, discomfort and/or pressure (most common)
Rapid heart rate, skipping a beat
Shortness of breath and/or difficulty breathing
Fatigue
Nausea, vomiting
Cold sweat
Lightheaded
Undue fatigue
Pain in other places: back, arm, jaw, neck, or stomach

In people with stable angina, a troponin test may be ordered when:

Symptoms worsen
Symptoms occur when a person is at rest
Symptoms are no longer eased with treatment

These are all signs that the angina is becoming unstable, which increases the risk of a heart attack or other serious heart problem in the near future.

What does the test result mean?

A high troponin and even slight elevations may indicate some degree of damage to the heart. When a person has significantly elevated troponin levels and, in particular, a rise and/or fall in the results from a series of tests done over several hours, then it is likely that the person has had a heart attack or some other form of damage to the heart. Levels of troponin can become elevated in the blood within 3 to 6 hours after heart injury and may remain elevated for 10 to 14 days.

Increased troponin levels are not be used by themselves to diagnose or rule out a heart attack. A physical exam, clinical history, and ECG are also important. Your healthcare practitioner may also need to see whether the troponin levels from a series of tests are stably elevated or show a rise and/or fall over several hours.

In people with angina, an elevated troponin may indicate that their condition is worsening and they are at increased risk of a heart attack.

Troponin levels may also be elevated with other heart conditions such as myocarditis (heart inflammation), weakening of the heart (cardiomyopathy), or congestive heart failure, and with conditions unrelated to the heart, such as severe infections and kidney disease.

Normal troponin values in a series of measurements over several hours means that it is unlikely that a person’s heart has been injured. Signs and symptoms may be due to a cause unrelated to the heart.

Is there anything else I should know?

Because troponin tests measure cardiac muscle-specific troponin, the test is not affected by damage to skeletal muscles, so injections, accidents, and drugs that can damage muscle do not affect cardiac troponin levels. However, there have been some reports of increased troponin in people with skeletal muscle disease. Also, troponin may rise following strenuous exercise, although in the absence of signs and symptoms of heart disease, it is usually of no medical significance.

Very rarely, people who have a heart attack will have normal troponin levels, and some people with increased troponin levels have no apparent heart injury. Other conditions that can contribute to elevated troponin levels include renal failure and pulmonary embolism.

What does heart attack mean?

Heart attack means that some of the muscle tissue in your heart is severely injured or has died. The medical term for the death of cardiac muscle is myocardial infarction. Because it is not always possible to determine whether there is only serious injury or there is infarction, the general term for the condition is acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Most commonly, a heart attack starts with a sensation of heavy pressure or pain in the chest, often extending into the neck or left arm. You may have trouble catching your breath or you may feel weak and break into a cold sweat. Read about What a Heart Attack Feels Like from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

A heart attack usually occurs because one of the blood vessels (called coronary arteries) that brings blood to your heart muscle is blocked. This usually happens when a blood clot forms in a blood vessel that is already partially closed. The partial closure is usually due to atherosclerosis (often called hardening of the arteries). Obstruction occurs gradually over many years as lipid plaques are deposited along the walls of the blood vessels. These plaques narrow and stiffen the arteries and can rupture unexpectedly, totally blocking off the affected artery.

If I have chest pain, does that mean I am having a heart attack?

Many other problems can cause chest pain, and it is not possible to tell from the type of chest pain whether or not you are having a heart attack. Many people have chest pain from straining the muscles in their chest, from heartburn or other problems involving the stomach and esophagus, from emotional stress, and with some lung problems. Chest pain that occurs during exercise, hard work, or at times of stress, lasts for a few minutes, and goes away with rest is often caused by angina. A relatively rare form of chest pain may be due to temporary heart spasms called variant angina. These spasms usually occur at night when a person is resting and can cause severe but temporary pain.

If chest pain lasts longer than just a few minutes, especially if it occurs when you are resting, seek immediate medical attention.

What if I am not sure if I am having a heart attack?

Many people are not sure if they are experiencing a heart attack. If you are unsure, don’t wait, but get help. Getting help right away can help you survive and treatments given soon after a heart attack can help limit the damage to your heart.

Note that not everyone will experience chest pain, and women are more likely than men to have signs and symptoms that are not typical. In women, symptoms are often less dramatic and more likely to be misinterpreted as due to another cause than in men. Some heart attacks are sudden while other heart attacks start slowly. The pain and other symptoms may come and go. Signs and symptoms may include:

Chest pain, discomfort and/or pressure (most common)
Rapid heart rate, skipping a beat
Nausea and vomiting or stomach pain
Sweating
Sudden onset of shortness of breath
Difficulty breathing
Feeling lightheaded
Change in blood pressure
Fatigue
Pain on other places such as the back, one or both arms, jaw or neck

Looking For Test Results?

Looking For Reference Ranges?

You may be able to find your test results on your laboratory’s website or patient portal. However, you are currently at Lab Tests Online. You may have been directed here by your lab’s website in order to provide you with background information about the test(s) you had performed. You will need to return to your lab’s website or portal, or contact your healthcare practitioner in order to obtain your test results.

Lab Tests Online is an award-winning patient education website offering information on laboratory tests. The content on the site, which has been reviewed by laboratory scientists and other medical professionals, provides general explanations of what results might mean for each test listed on the site, such as what a high or low value might suggest to your healthcare practitioner about your health or medical condition.

The reference ranges for your tests can be found on your laboratory report. They are typically found to the right of your results.

If you do not have your lab report, consult your healthcare provider or the laboratory that performed the test(s) to obtain the reference range.

Laboratory test results are not meaningful by themselves. Their meaning comes from comparison to reference ranges. Reference ranges are the values expected for a healthy person. They are sometimes called “normal” values. By comparing your test results with reference values, you and your healthcare provider can see if any of your test results fall outside the range of expected values. Values that are outside expected ranges can provide clues to help identify possible conditions or diseases.

While accuracy of laboratory testing has significantly evolved over the past few decades, some lab-to-lab variability can occur due to differences in testing equipment, chemical reagents, and techniques. This is a reason why so few reference ranges are provided on this site. It is important to know that you must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are “within normal limits.”

For more information, please read the article Reference Ranges and What They Mean.

Health Professionals – LOINC

LOINC Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC®) is the international standard for identifying health measurements, observations, and documents. It provides a common language to unambiguously identify things you can measure or observe that enables the exchange and aggregation of clinical results for care delivery, outcomes management, and research. Learn More.

Listed in the table below are the LOINC with links to the LOINC detail pages. Please note when you click on the hyperlinked code, you are leaving Lab Tests Online and accessing Loinc.org.

LOINC	LOINC Display Name
16255-2	Troponin I.cardiac Qn
89578-9	Troponin I.cardiac High sensitivity method Ql [Interp]
42757-5	Troponin I.cardiac (Bld) [Mass/Vol]
10839-9	Troponin I.cardiac [Mass/Vol]
49563-0	Troponin I.cardiac DL <= 0.01 ng/mL [Mass/Vol]
89579-7	Troponin I.cardiac High sensitivity method [Mass/Vol]
76399-5	Troponin I.cardiac IA.rapid Ql (S/P/Bld)
89575-5	Troponin T.cardiac High sensitivity method Ql [Interp]
48425-3	Troponin T.cardiac (Bld) [Mass/Vol]
6597-9	Troponin T.cardiac (BldV) [Mass/Vol]
6598-7	Troponin T.cardiac [Mass/Vol]
67151-1	Troponin T.cardiac DL <= 5 ng/L [Mass/Vol]
48426-1	Troponin T.cardiac Ql (Bld)33204-9
33204-9	Troponin T.cardiac Ql

View Sources

Sources Used in Current Review

(February 2018) Efficacy of High-Sensitivity Troponin T in Identifying Very-Low-Risk Patients with Possible Acute Coronary Syndrome. JAMA Cardiology. Available online at https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2666121. Accessed on 9/13/18.

(October 17, 2017) Troponin Test. MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Available online at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007452.htm. Accessed on 9/13/18.

Troponin I, Serum. Mayo Medical Laboratories. Available online at https://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/81767. Accessed on 9/13/18.

(October 17, 2017) Troponin Test. MedlinePlus. Available online at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007452.htm. Accessed on 10/3/18.

(January 14, 2015) Troponins. Medscape. Available online at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2073935-overview. Accessed on 10/3/18.

Sources Used in Previous Reviews

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Chen, M. (2014 January 17, Updated). Troponin test. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007452.htm. Accessed on 4/05/15.

(2015 February 3, Updated).Warning Signs of a Heart Attack. American Heart Association. Available online at http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartAttack/WarningSignsofaHeartAttack/Warning-Signs-of-a-Heart-Attack_UCM_002039_Article.jsp. Accessed on 4/05/15.

(2014 December 5, Updated). Heart Attack Symptoms in Women. American Heart Association. Available online at http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartAttack/WarningSignsofaHeartAttack/Heart-Attack-Symptoms-in-Women_UCM_436448_Article.jsp. Accessed on 4/05/15.

(2015 March 31, Updated). Symptoms and Diagnosis of a Heart Attack. American Heart Association. Available online at http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartAttack/SymptomsDiagnosisofHeartAttack/Symptoms-and-Diagnosis-of-Heart-Attack_UCM_002041_Article.jsp. Accessed on 4/05/15.

Amsterdam, E. et. al. (2014 September 23). AHA/ACC Guideline, 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Non–ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes, A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014; 130: e344-e426. Available online at http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/25/e344. Accessed on 4/05/15.

(April 1, 2013) Thomas S, et. al. Cardiac Troponin: Clinical Considerations for High-Sensitivity Assays. Clinical Laboratory News. Available online at https://www.aacc.org/publications/cln/articles/2013/april/troponin. Accessed April 2015.

Sherwood M, Newby L. High‐Sensitivity Troponin Assays: Evidence, Indications, and Reasonable Use. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014; 3: e000403. Originally published January 27, 2014. Available online at http://jaha.ahajournals.org/content/3/1/e000403.full. Accessed April 2015.

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Adams, J. & Apple, F. (2004). New Blood Tests for Detecting Heart Disease. American Heart Association, from Circulation 2004;109:e12-e14. PDF available for download at http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/109/3/e12.pdf.

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(2000). Cardiac Troponin-I Assay. UCLA Diagnostic Module-2000. PDF available for download at http://www.med.ucla.edu/champ/Troponin%20Guidelines.PDF#search=’intitle:Troponin’.

Jeremias, A. and Gibson, C. M. (2005 May 3). Narrative Review: Alternative Causes for Elevated Cardiac Troponin Levels when Acute Coronary Syndromes Are Excluded. Annals of Internal Medicine v 142 (9).

Check, W. (2001 July). Troponin triple crown: diagnosis, risk, Rx. College of American Pathologists, CAP Today. Available online at http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/cap_today/feature_stories/feat_0701.html.

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